China was still in the Ming era and, as it happened in the reign of Emperor Ch'eng Hua, the dynasty's ninth emperor. As well as things were going last week, things were very bad now. The great Mings - the first five - were no longer in power, and the following Mings ruled. The empire of China was slowly being nibbled away by bands of barbarians who were threatening the borders, in particular by the Tartars who, during this emperor's reign, were in the middle of China. It should be noted that the Tartars, originally from Mongolia, had established their capital in Kazan' on the Volga and would, much later, in the 16th century, be destroyed when Kazan' was razed by Ivan the Terrible. No, things were not going well in China.